The regulatory particle (RP) of the 26 S proteasome functions in preparing polyubiquitinated substrates for degradation. The lid complex of the RP contains an Rpn8-Rpn11 heterodimer surrounded by a...

Flavodoxins are a family of small FMN-binding proteins that commonly exist in prokaryotes. They utilize a non-covalently bound FMN molecule to act as the redox center during the electron transfer p...

Many proteins are transported across lipid membranes by protein translocation systems in living cells. The twin-arginine transport (Tat) system identified in bacteria and plant chloroplasts is a un...

The twin-arginine protein transport (Tat) system translocates fully folded proteins across lipid membranes. In Escherichia coli, the Tat system comprises three essential components: TatA, TatB and ...

Fas apoptosis inhibitory molecule (FAIM) is a highly conserved anti-apoptotic protein which plays important roles in cells. There are two isoforms of FAIM, of which the short isoform FAIM-S is broa...

Rpn10 is a ubiquitin receptor of the 26S proteasome, and plays an important role in poly-ubiquitinated proteins recognition in the ubiquitin-proteasome protein degradation pathway. It is located in...

The 26S proteasome is an essential molecular machine for specific protein degradation in eukaryotic cells. The 26S proteasome is formed by a central 20S core particle capped by two 19S regulatory p...

Pattern recognition receptors confer plant resistance to pathogen infection by recognizing the conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns. The cell surface receptor chitin elicitor receptor k...

Ca2+-binding proteins play pivotal roles in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. CcbP from cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 is a major Ca2+-binding protein involved in heterocyst diffe...